Friday, May 30, 2025

Yurong “Luanna” Jiang, M.P.A. ’25, Graduate English Address: “Our Humanity”

 编者:当一个地方太阳落山的时候,一定有另一个地方太阳升起。Congratulations, class 2025!

Last summer, when I was doing my internship in Mongolia, I got a call from two classmates in Tanzania. They had a very urgent question: how to use their washing machine — because all the labels were in Chinese, and Google kept translating a big button as “Spinning Ghost Mode.”

There we were: an Indian and a Thai calling me, a Chinese in Mongolia, to decipher a washer in Tanzania. And we all study together here at Harvard.

That moment reminds me of something I used to believe when I was a kid: that the world was becoming a small village. I remember being told we would be the first generation to end hunger and poverty for humankind.

My program at Harvard is International Development. It was built on this exact beautiful vision that humanity rises and falls as one.

When I met my 77 classmates from 34 countries, the countries I knew only as colorful shapes on a map turned into real people - with laughter, dreams, and the perseverance to survive the long winter in Cambridge. We danced through each other’s traditions, and carried the weight of each other’s worlds. Global challenges suddenly felt personal.

If there’s a woman anywhere in the world who can’t afford a period pad, it makes me poorer. If a girl skips school out of fear of harassment, that threatens my dignity. If a little boy dies in a war that he didn’t start and never understood, part of me dies with him.

But today, that promise of a connected world is giving way to division, fear, and conflict. We’re starting to believe that people who think differently, vote differently, or pray differently—whether they’re across the ocean or sitting right next to us — are not just wrong. We mistakenly see them as evil.

But it doesn’t have to be this way.

What I’ve gained most from Harvard isn’t just calculus and regression analysis. It’s to sit with discomfort. Listen deeply. And stay soft in hard times.

If we still believe in a shared future, let us not forget: those we label as enemies—they, too, are human. In seeing their humanity, we find our own. In the end, we don’t rise by proving each other wrong. We rise by refusing to let one another go.

So, Class of 2025, when the world feels stuck in Spinning Ghost Mode, just remember: As we leave this campus, we carry everyone we’ve met — across wealth and poverty, cities and villages, faith and doubt. They speak different languages, dream different dreams, and yet—they’ve all become part of us. You may disagree with them, but hold onto them, as we are bound by something deeper than belief: our shared humanity.

Congratulations, Class of 2025!

Thursday, May 29, 2025

What happens to Trump’s tariffs now that a court has knocked them down?

编者:论美国的民主。法院是一个制度最后的防线。

WASHINGTON (AP) — A federal court in New York handed President Donald Trump a big setback Wednesday, blocking his audacious plan to impose massive taxes on imports from almost every country in the world.

A three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of International Trade ruled that Trump overstepped his authority when he invoked the 1977 International Emergency Economic Powers Act to declare a national emergency and justify the sweeping tariffs.

The tariffs overturned decades of U.S. trade policy, disrupted global commerce, rattled financial markets and raised the risk of higher prices and recession in the United States and around the world.

The U.S. Court of International Trade has jurisdiction over civil cases involving trade. Its decisions can be appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Washington and ultimately to the Supreme Court, where the legal challenges to Trump’ tariffs are widely expected to end up.

Which tariffs did the court block?

The court’s decision blocks the tariffs Trump slapped last month on almost all U.S. trading partners and levies he imposed before that on China, Mexico and Canada.

On April 2, Trump imposed so-called reciprocal tariffs of up to 50% on countries with which the United States runs a trade deficit and 10% baseline tariffs on almost everybody else. He later suspended the reciprocal tariffs for 90 days to give countries time to agree to reduce barriers to U.S. exports. But he kept the baseline tariffs in place. Claiming extraordinary power to act without congressional approval, he justified the taxes under IEEPA by declaring the United States' longstanding trade deficits “a national emergency.”

In February, he'd invoked the law to impose tariffs on Canada, Mexico and China, saying that the illegal flow of immigrants and drugs across the U.S. border amounted to a national emergency and that the three countries needed to do more to stop it.

The U.S. Constitution gives Congress the power to set taxes, including tariffs. But lawmakers have gradually let presidents assume more power over tariffs — and Trump has made the most of it.

The tariffs are being challenged in at least seven lawsuits. In the ruling Wednesday, the trade court combined two of the cases — one brought by five small businesses and another by 12 U.S. states.

The ruling does leave in place other Trump tariffs, including those on foreign steel, aluminum and autos. But those levies were invoked under a different law that required a Commerce Department investigation and could not be imposed at the president’s own discretion.

Why did the court rule against the president?

The administration had argued that courts had approved then-President Richard Nixon’s emergency use of tariffs in a 1971 economic and financial crisis that arose when the United States suddenly devalued the dollar by ending a policy that linked the U.S. currency to the price of gold. The Nixon administration successfully cited its authority under the 1917 Trading With Enemy Act, which preceded and supplied some of the legal language later used in IEPPA.

The court disagreed, deciding that Trump’s sweeping tariffs exceeded his authority to regulate imports under IEEPA. It also said the tariffs did nothing to deal with problems they were supposed to address. In their case, the states noted that America's trade deficits hardly amount of a sudden emergency. The United States has racked them up for 49 straight years in good times and bad.

So where does this leave Trump's trade agenda?

Wendy Cutler, a former U.S. trade official who is now vice president at the Asia Society Policy Institute, says the court's decision "throws the president’s trade policy into turmoil.”

“Partners negotiating hard during the 90-day day tariff pause period may be tempted to hold off making further concessions to the U.S. until there is more legal clarity," she said.

Likewise, companies will have to reassess the way they run their supply chains, perhaps speeding up shipments to the United States to offset the risk that the tariffs will be reinstated on appeal.

The trade court noted that Trump retains more limited power to impose tariffs to address trade deficits under another statute, the Trade Act of 1974. But that law restricts tariffs to 15% and only for 150 days with countries with which the United States runs big trade deficits.

For now, the trade court's ruling “destroys the Trump administration’s rationale for using federal emergency powers to impose tariffs, which oversteps congressional authority and contravenes any notion of due process,” said Eswar Prasad, professor of trade policy at Cornell University. "The ruling makes it clear that the broad tariffs imposed unilaterally by Trump represent an overreach of executive power.''

Wednesday, May 28, 2025

“哈佛保卫战”:战线在重组,火力正升级…

 文 | 郭英剑(中国人民大学全民阅读教育研究院院长)


5月22日,美国国土安全部宣布撤销哈佛大学招收国际学生的资质,甚至要求目前在哈佛大学学习的国际学生立刻转学,否则将失去在美国的合法身份。消息一出,震惊全球学界。

作为全世界最具影响力的高校,哈佛大学的国际学生比例约占学生总数的1/4,其对全球学术共同体的象征意义不言自明。该事件不仅引发了哈佛师生的抗议,更在全球掀起了一场关于大学使命、国家治理与全球知识秩序的深层讨论。

在我看来,该事件的轰动效应之大,堪称新世纪以来全球教育界最剧烈的一次震荡。

权力、知识与文化的碰撞

此次事件并非完全令人意外。它其实是2024年底哈佛遭遇美国国会严格审查事件的延续。当时,哈佛因对校内反犹言论的处理方式而遭到美国国会审查,最终导致其黑人女校长克劳丁·盖伊辞职。对于外界而言,该事件似乎是因言论危机引发的一次校方管理失误,但若仅以“处理不当”或“反犹争议”归结这一系列事态,无疑低估了它背后的深层结构。

在我看来,该事件不仅是一所大学的公关灾难和一场观念之争,更是一场蔓延至权力核心、牵动国家意识形态的文化战争。它展现了美国社会在高等教育、政治权力与文化信仰之间激烈的碰撞与撕裂。

过去几十年中,哈佛大学及其同类精英学府因其自由主义立场、社会正义话语和多元包容政策,逐渐成为美国保守派眼中的“文化堡垒”。这场以“反犹”为由发动的攻势,在很大程度上是保守力量对精英教育体系长期不满的一次集中爆发。哈佛与美国执政者之战,是一次知识权威、政治忠诚、文化立场的全面交锋。

我们需要思考的不仅是哈佛“处理反犹是否得当”,还有“哈佛为何成为靶子”,以及“谁有权决定大学价值”。在极化的政治气候中,大学还能否保有对知识的自由探索及对社会的深度反思?相信所有人都看得出,美国政府此次重拳出击哈佛极具象征意义。正如美国国土安全部部长诺姆在受访时所说,这是对美国其他大学的警告,所有大学都应好自为之,尽快整顿。

为此,我将这次哈佛的抗争以及美国学界乃至全球高等教育界对其的声援称之为“哈佛保卫战”,因为它事实上是一场关于大学自由、学术自治与制度尊严的坚守与抗争。

从意识形态对立到制度性重塑

事实上,美国特朗普政府对于哈佛的极限施压,早在特朗普第一任期就开始了。

在美国,高等教育领域已成为日益激烈的意识形态争夺之地。2017年,首次当选美国总统的特朗普就频繁对以哈佛为代表的常春藤盟校发起批评乃至政治性攻击。这些批评与攻击并非零散事件,而是构成了一场具有结构性意图的文化战争。特朗普政府通过话语、政策、财政和监管手段,持续对美国高等教育施加压力,意图“纠正”大学被指“过于自由派化”的价值导向,并试图借此重塑大学与国家、大学与资本、大学与社会之间的关系。

首先,初期攻势是从话语建构开始到政策威胁(2017—2020)。特朗普频繁抨击美国高等教育机构,指责大学“扼杀言论自由”“压制保守派声音”,并要求接受美国联邦资金的大学必须保障“言论自由”。

其次,号召美国国会对哈佛进行制度审查。再度步入总统竞选期的特朗普以“反犹主义”“校园暴力”“招生不公”为由,重新炮轰哈佛大学,并掀起新一轮针对高等教育的全面攻势。在他的推动下,举行了一场对哈佛的政策与制度进行审查的听证会。会上,多位美国国会议员质问哈佛、宾夕法尼亚大学等高校在处理亲巴抗议与校园骚乱中的“不作为”,并质疑大学在DEI(多元、公平与包容)政策上的“歧视性逆向倾斜”。

最后,动用行政命令冻结哈佛的美国联邦政府拨款、剥夺其招收国际学生的资格。特朗普就任美国第47届总统后不久,美国教育部与财政部便启动了对哈佛的联邦拨款项目审查,冻结其约23亿美元的多年期拨款计划及6000万美元的科研合同。紧随其后,特朗普公开威胁取消哈佛的税收减免资格,并对其校友捐赠施压。该阶段的攻势不再仅仅是话语建构,而是启动实质性惩罚机制。

应该说,上述美国政府的行为反映了教育自主的结构性危机——大学自由正在遭受前所未有的挑战。

特朗普政府的这些连续进攻并非单一现象,而是反映出一场结构性的政治重组正在加速进行。传统上,美国大学享有“制度性自主”,即在招生、教学、研究与价值引导上的独立空间。但随着美国政府将财政审查、价值裁判与社会压力作为工具,其“教育自主”遭遇前所未有的系统性挑战。这场挑战的根源不仅在于资金链的脆弱性,更在于大学治理模式的脆弱性。当高校必须在道义与生存之间作出选择时,原本以“中立”自居的象牙塔已难以维系学术自由与制度稳定的双重理想。

更深层的问题在于,随着“大学是否仍是社会公共利益的一部分”的讨论越发激烈,大学的合法性正被置于持续的政治博弈中。从特朗普的“文化战”策略来看,大学不再只是一个教育机构,而是被建构为价值斗争中的敌对阵营。这直接将大学从“社会公益”转化为“阶层工具”的象征性阵地。

在此背景下,哈佛的财政危机不是孤例,而是象征性揭示了大学自由精神正面临“财政-政治-舆论”三重夹击的现实。在后真相时代,当“言论自由”被用来打压“自由表达”,当“公共财政”被用于惩罚“政治不正确”,大学如何重新确立其使命与边界,成为“哈佛保卫战”之后的更大命题。

哈佛的回应与高教联盟的集体反应

在特朗普政府采取审查与资金冻结手段之初,哈佛并未立刻作出强烈反应,而是采取了相对克制、审慎的态度,试图通过内部磋商与法律评估以缓解局势。对于指控中涉及的“校园反犹太主义”和“招生歧视”等问题,哈佛的初步回应仅停留在对校园价值观的重复申明与制度的辩护上。但当美国财政部宣布冻结其多年期拨款与合同,并威胁取消其税收优惠资格后,哈佛终于意识到这不是一场对单一事件的审查,而是针对其制度、文化与自治精神的全面进攻。

哈佛的转变是显著且有力的。

今年3月,校方正式对美国财政部提起联邦诉讼,指控其以政治动机干预学术机构的财政与治理。这标志着哈佛从单一学校利益的防守,转向为整个高等教育系统争取制度正义与公共信任的主动出击。更关键的是,这场诉讼并不是象征性抵抗,而是明确聚焦于政府通过财政杠杆手段控制大学意识形态与办学自主的危险趋势。

哈佛的起诉很快引发全美高教界的广泛声援,很多高校公开谴责美国联邦政府。在此过程中,我们看到美国高等教育系统在危机中的“联合意识”开始显现。过去数年,由于在很多议题上的分歧,美国高校之间并不总能保持一致的价值立场。但此次哈佛的遭遇在某种程度上成为一面镜子,反映出美国整个高教系统普遍存在的脆弱性——当一所标杆性大学都无法免于政治与财政的双重操控时,其他大学的制度安全亦岌岌可危。因此,这种“制度自保机制”不仅是同声援助的情感共鸣,更是在现实逻辑推动下的理性选择。

更关键的是,这场联合反击彰显出大学在面对权力干预时的一种“后危机反思机制”。不少高校在支持哈佛的同时,开始重新审视自身内部治理结构与舆情管理机制,试图在保持大学开放性与自由性的同时,强化公共沟通、完善危机应对。这不仅有助于提升公众对大学的信任,也为高校面对类似压力提供了制度与道义的预备方案。

应该说,哈佛的反抗不再是一所精英高校的孤军奋战,而是一场制度性反击的信号弹。在这场围绕资金、治理与意识形态展开的文化战争中,美国高教界显然意识到,它们若不形成共识并采取集体行动,不仅将失去财政支持,更将丧失独立性与公共信誉。

司法审判:地方法院的关键判决

在哈佛大学与联邦政府对抗的同时,一场司法审判悄然展开。

5月22日,失去招收国际生资质的哈佛迅速向法院提起诉讼,表示政府试图抹去哈佛1/4的学生群体,即对大学及其使命有重大贡献的国际学生。哈佛校长加伯在公开信中写道:“这项撤销措施是政府一连串报复哈佛的行动之一,因为我们拒绝放弃学术自主,亦拒绝接受联邦政府对我们课程、教职员及学生的非法控制。”

一天后,美国马萨诸塞州波士顿联邦法院地方法官巴罗斯裁定,联邦政府不得执行其一天前发布的命令。巴罗斯批准了一项临时限制令,裁定如果美国国土安全部的命令生效,哈佛将遭受“立即且无法弥补的损害”。

此次判决呈现的宪政逻辑,正是在当下文化战争语境下,为美国大学自治划定的一道制度红线。它不仅回应了哈佛的法理主张,也象征性地为其他高校提供了防御性先例。尽管该案很有可能被上诉至联邦上诉法院,甚至最高法院,但地方法院的初步判决已然发挥了重要的“司法护栏”功能,即在政权更替与社会分裂的风暴中,维系学术共同体最后的制度性安全区。

当然,判决的意义不止于支持哈佛,更在于重申美国高教系统赖以生存的制度底线,即大学必须拥有自主判断政治与学术边界的权力。这场审判不仅是一起技术层面的行政法判例,更是一次象征性的制度正名。它向所有观察者传递出明确信号——哪怕文化战已烧至象牙塔深处,宪政法律仍是高校得以安身立命的最后屏障。

自由派与保守派的世纪对峙

自上世纪下半叶以来,美国社会就陷入了一场旷日持久的“文化战争”。

这场战争最早可以追溯到上世纪60年代的新左派运动与保守主义复兴之间的冲突。是时,自由派推动的民权运动、反战思潮与女性主义等激进议题,使美国社会发生了剧烈的文化裂变。同时,保守力量也开始反击,将“回归传统价值”塑造成政治口号,开启了长达数十年的文化对峙。作为思想与价值的生产地,大学自然成为了“主战场”。

上世纪70年代以来,美国保守派就将高校描绘为“自由派意识形态温床”,指责其容忍“政治正确”,打压保守意见,纵容学术左倾、逆向歧视与“身份政治”的膨胀。

新世纪后,随着社交媒体的扩张与舆论分裂加剧,“觉醒主义”成为保守派最新的攻击对象。“觉醒”原是少数族裔对社会不公的自我警醒,但近年来逐渐泛化为自由派对种族、性别等议题的敏感激进立场。

在此语境下,“反觉醒”浪潮应运而生。2020年5月,美国黑人乔治·弗洛伊德被捕后被白人警察“跪杀”事件引发了全美大规模抗议。此后,美国高校纷纷加强DEI措施,但这些举措却成为保守派眼中“逆向歧视”“思想灌输”的象征。

哈佛大学前校长盖伊的下台正是“文化战争”的一次集中爆发,并标志着保守派在“反觉醒”运动中的阶段性胜利。长期以来,保守派深感自身在学界、媒体、艺术等“文化高地”上失势,进而提出要“夺回话语权”。这一战略不仅包括政治议题设定与舆论引导,还包括对高校资金、治理、课程的直接干预。

盖伊事件之后,保守派政客进一步发起对美国哥伦比亚大学、宾夕法尼亚大学等高校的调查。可以说,一场“由下至上”的文化攻势正转变为“由上而下”的体制性重塑。它不再停留在舆论领域,而是通过预算、评估、问责等手段,直接改写高校治理逻辑。

但这场战争并非简单的自由派失败、保守派胜利。盖伊辞职后,学界、媒体乃至部分政治人物迅速反弹,批评这是“反智主义对大学自治的攻击”。可以说,哈佛事件不仅揭示了大学的脆弱,也激发了更广泛的公共反思:大学是否应沦为政治角力的附庸?学术自由与言论边界应由谁设定?大学能否仍作为自由社会的最后堡垒?

当然,这场文化战争的火焰尚未熄灭,其战线正在重组,火力正在升级。哈佛所经历的不仅是一次危机,更是一场深刻的制度性转向。在这场漫长对峙中,大学既不能退缩于象牙塔的避风港,也不能轻易投降于权力的指令书。自由与责任、自治与反思,仍是当下大学在文化战争中必须面对的双重命题。

总之,哈佛的此次抗争是一场危机,也是一面镜子,照见了当代大学在政治、文化与社会变迁中的困境与坚守。这场危机提醒人们,大学不能满足于内部循环的“象牙塔式”自我陶醉,必须走向社会,回应关切,发出理性的声音,承担建设性的责任。大学精神不仅要在论文中表达,更要在公共生活中显现。

正如历史上的许多大学危机最终成为其文化重塑的契机,今天的哈佛保卫战亦应成为全球高教界自我更新的转折点。人们必须清醒地意识到,唯有坚持自由精神,并以此为起点不断革新,才能使大学继续成为文明的灯塔、人类理性的堡垒。


My immigrant parents attended my Yale graduation. Seeing them on the Ivy League campus for the first time was surprisingly moving.

 编者:像所有移民致敬。 My immigrant parents never visited me while I was a student at Yale, but they came to my graduation. They didn't fit in wit...