Tuesday, October 13, 2020

(转) 如何理解“没有永远的朋友,只有永远的利益”

 前言

  前些天看到成群结队的评论,排着队说着类似的话,最显眼的就是这句“国家之间没有永远的朋友,只有永远的利益”,大意是面对国际事务我们只谈国家利益,不谈什么道义。
  苏格拉底说:未经省察的生活是不值得一过。我们来思考一下这个句子。
这句话源于十九世纪英国首相帕麦斯顿在下院的演讲,目的是为政府及其本人外交政策辩护时。原文是:A country does not have permanent friends, only permanent interests.
  非常深刻的一句话。
  说其深刻,是因为如果阅读者没有现代政治的基本概念,那很容易误读。
  主语:国家
  关键词:朋友 利益

  --国家
  国家是由国民组成的政治共同体,维护国民利益就是国家存在的目的。国家之间就应该谈利益,实现本国国民利益的最大化。
  --朋友
  对立词是敌人,通常是指人际关系。
  在政治语境中,看到拟人化的语句,一定要理解适用性的问题。
国家之间,需要用政治规则,而不适用于个际关系的规则。所以,帕麦斯顿说“国家之间只有永远的利益,没有永远的朋友”非常正确,但不能简单推理出:“国家之间有利益的冲突,双方就是敌人。”
  --利益
  利益是一个容易误读的词汇。在中文语境中,很多人文词汇缺乏明确的定义和深入的讨论,比如“仁义礼智信”,至今也说不清楚是什么,更不要说自由、平等、道德、法治、市场等现代政治词汇了。简单来说,在反商业反市场的传统文化中,利益通常带贬义。其实利益是中性词,不是道德判断,谈利益既不高尚,也不低俗。利益的对立面,并不是道义。关键问题是,如何获得利益?
  获得利益有不同的方法。先贤说:“君子爱财,取之有道”。小人呢,当然就是“毫无底线,唯利是图”。君子与小人的差异,就在于君子是按照大家认同的规则(道)去获得利益,小人是不讲规则地去获得利益。
  实现
国家利益的路径,也是如此。历史上有些国家不择手段攫取利益,比如纳粹时期的德国、军国主义的日本;还有的国家以商业兴国,更倾向于通过市场交易获得利益,比如英国、荷兰、瑞士、丹麦等。国家
发展理念不同,获得利益的方法不同
,结局也不相同。

举二个例子
  一是
李鸿章如何
维护国家利益题

  李鸿章与伊藤博文是中日双方的代表人物。在代表各自国家利益的接洽中,李鸿章把国家博弈与个人关系混同,有不少教训。
  1884年12月,日本政府策划了朝鲜的宫廷政变,要求朝鲜国王成立亲日政权,这就是“甲申政变”。当时驻扎在朝鲜的清朝监军袁世凯,果断率军进驻朝鲜王宫,迫使日方人员逃回了
国内。1885年2月,日本政府派伊藤博文出使中国和谈。李鸿章因胜券在握,显得高傲异常。当分歧过大,伊藤博文以“罢谈”相威胁时,李鸿章勃然变色,厉声道:中国并未有错,若谈判破裂,我就只好准备打仗了!伊藤博文知道无便宜可占,只好做了让步。最终,双方在4月18日签订了《中日天津条约》,李鸿章本应抓住时机,巩固中方优势,把日本势力赶出朝鲜,以绝后患。但他看重伊藤博文才华,轻视日本野心,反而将中国的优势拱手相让,赋予日本在朝鲜享有与宗主国中国相同的权利,为甲午战争爆发埋下了伏笔。这也是李鸿章首次为“私谊”付出的代价。

  时年李鸿章62岁,伊藤博文44岁。
  从天津相识起,李鸿章和伊藤博文保持了长达10年的书信往来。据学者考证,李鸿章与伊藤博文先后有过21次书信联系。后来在“长崎水兵事件”“防谷令”事件处理中,李鸿章还在寄望于“吾友”伊藤博文,指示袁世凯说“伊藤与吾交好,非虚伪”,希望中日和平共处,共同进步。但在国家利益面前,个人的私谊终究是空谈。甲午战败后,1894年11月18日,李鸿章请在天津海关任职的德国人德璀琳赴日和谈,除了携带正式的外交照会外,还特别附带上一封给伊藤博文的私函。李鸿章希望凭借与伊藤博文的私交,便利中日和谈。然而,当德璀琳到达日本时,他连伊藤博文的面都没有见着。
  李鸿章寄望于伊藤博文的私谊,却只换来《马关条约》的凌辱。国事是国事,私谊是私谊,私谊必须建立在公利的基础上。公私不分,是政治人物的大忌。比如正常的国事交流活动,不需要形式上多么富丽堂皇和奢华排场,更不需要一百年的拉菲茅台和山珍海味核心的内容在于务实的观点交流,目标是维护国家利益。
  当然,我们后人在评论之时,应当理解李鸿章在国力孱弱、内外交困之际,独立支撑,以私谊促公事的无奈。对于李鸿章开展多边外交,以夷制夷的手段,事实上起到了防止日本、沙俄或任何一个列强独吞中国的效果,这已经是相当的外交成就。北洋时期涌现出一批优秀的外交家,如顾维钧、王正廷、颜惠庆等,都以自己的杰出才华为国家争取了相当的利益。
  放松一下,来个广告
二是奥地利的梅特涅如何维护国家利益
作为现代政治的发源地,欧洲近代涌现了很多优秀政治家,奥地利的梅特涅就是其中的杰出代表。当时奥地利国内政治腐败,国力衰微。西边是强大的法兰西帝国,拿破仑正在积极图谋称霸欧洲。东边是扩张成性的沙俄,亚历山大一世对东欧和近东地区垂涎三尺。北部是崛起的普鲁士,腓特烈·威廉二世有强烈的好战倾向。
  为了让奥地利获得更大的生存空间,梅特涅确定了基本的外交战略:保存法国的力量,使法国成为制衡俄国的力量保存下来,这样对奥地利最为有利。在第一次巴黎条约中,梅特涅联手英国,允许法国保留1792年确立的疆界,这使得法国成为制衡俄国的重要力量。即使拿破仑在1815年复辟,法国再次被同盟国击败后,梅特涅和卡斯尔雷仍然主张用宽容的方式来对待法国,让法国留在欧洲国家共同体之中。在他们看来,鉴于法国强有力的政治和文化传统,过于苛刻和屈辱的和平条款只能滋生出仇恨的情绪,一旦法国恢复元气,它就会对欧洲进行报复。
  在梅特涅看来,对欧洲最大的威胁并不是法国,而是俄国,一个正在不断扩张的军事强国。确保法国的存在,法国就会是俄国在欧洲最重要的制衡力量。梅特涅的战略远见,不仅确保了奥地利的生存空间和安全利益,而且被认为是“欧洲和平的缔造者”,维持了欧洲大陆数十年的均衡与和平。
  与梅特涅的做法正好相反,法国的“老虎”总理克里孟梭就显示出战略眼光的差距。一战后德国被打败,出于对德国强烈的复仇情绪,克里孟梭在巴黎和会中以极其严苛的方式对待德国,要求最大限度地消弱德国,赔偿巨额战争赔款,期望建立法国在欧洲大陆的霸权。处置德国的《凡尔赛和约》一签订,正如英国首相劳合担心的,德国人民背负沉重负担,经济困难社会动荡,最终希特勒上台,并对法国进行了报复。更为严重的是,短视的克里孟梭等人忽视了对欧洲最大的威胁是俄国,法德争霸严重损害了西欧的整体实力,二战后欧洲陷入冷战困境,数十年都处在战争的威胁之中。现在虽然铁幕已倒,但西欧仍未能摆脱二战后的政治体系,依然需要美国人的军事保护。
备注
1、《凡尔赛条约》中的巨额赔款,历时92年,直到2010年10月德国向法国还清了最后一笔赔款,一战才算真正结束。
2、欧洲人的政治弱视,至今还在持续中。

后记
  “国家之间没有永远的朋友,只有永远的利益”这句经典,可以分解为四句话:
  国家之间,没有永远的朋友,也没有永远的敌人。
  国家之间的交往,应当是以国家利益为出发点。
  国家之间的利益冲突,是正常国家关系的一部分。或者说,国家之间的合作与冲突,都是常态。
不同国家的差异,在于解决冲突的思维方式。
  每个国家都期望自身的利益最大化,但是如何获得国家利益,与一个国家国民的主体价值观有关。一个国家的对外关系,依然是其内政的延续,也就是“内政决定外交”。通过一定的规则来获得利益,还是通过不择手段来获得利益,这就是不同国家文明水平的差距。
  但是,这个话题引出来一个更复杂的词汇,就是如何理解“国家利益”。不同政治观念的人群,都在说国家利益这个词。但如何理解这个词汇,涉及到了更复杂的政治知识。
举个简单的例子,很多人津津乐道的巴铁,其实并不存在,双方唯一的利益共同点,就是牵制印度。而巴国各方势力都极立向伊斯兰主义靠拢,宗教极端化趋势明显,这将会对中方西北地缘安全产生重大影响。
  再举个例子,一百多年前,请问谁能代表国家利益,谁能维护国家利益,是太后,是光绪,是李鸿章,是张之洞,是孙中山,还是袁世凯?那些在留言中,把“国家利益”挂在嘴上的朋友,请问您是什么答案?
  从现代政治的角度,无论是政治理论还是从政治实践,国家利益都必须和具体国民的利益相关联,脱离国民利益谈国家利益,只能是乌托邦的空想。
从长远来看,道义才是最高利益。
讲道义的人,才会有真正的朋友。
  个人如此,国家亦如此。
讲规则的国家,才会有真正的盟友。

Friday, October 2, 2020

Shock, sympathy, criticism: World reacts to Trump infection

 Italian right-wing opposition leader Matteo Salvini tweeted: “In Italy and in the world, whoever celebrates the illness of a man or of a woman, and who comes to wish the death of a neighbor, confirms what he is: An idiot without soul. A hug to Melania and Donald.″


Thursday, October 1, 2020

It’s Time to Get Serious about the People’s Republic of China

 As the Chinese Communist Party commemorates its 71st anniversary of seizing power, Americans increasingly recognize a simple fact: The fundamental character of the Communist regime has never changed and will never change.

Despite promising reforms for decades, the CCP is no closer to allowing political freedom than it was at Tiananmen Square in 1989. The brutal crackdowns in Hong Kong, the systematic attempt to destroy the Uyghur culture in Xinjiang, and the relentless assault on the sovereignty of neighboring nations all testify to a stubborn truth: The People’s Republic of China remains a ruthless, one-party dictatorship.

We’ve seen what happens when American politicians and businesses ignore this reality. It isn’t good.

For more than 40 years, previous administrations pursued a policy of accommodation towards the PRC. President Obama welcomed a strong PRC, claiming it was “a positive good” and “ultimately translates into more American jobs.” The tradeoff was simple: We bend to their wishes, they reform.

But the optimistic prognostications proved wrong. By accommodating them, we were changed by the CCP, not the other way around. America hemorrhaged millions of manufacturing jobs, the CCP and its companies stole billions through intellectual-property theft, and the PRC’s military presence expanded across three continents.

If this policy of unprincipled engagement continues, the United States stands to lose the future to today’s Communist superpower. It’s time to confront their global malign ambitions head on.

House Republicans on the China Task Force have put forward policies to end America’s dependence on the PRC while protecting Americans’ safety and well-being. Our comprehensive recommendations mobilize strategic U.S. government action in six areas: ideological competition, supply chains, national security, technology, the economy and energy, and competitiveness.

Without question, we must strengthen our military, and stop both CCP theft and its influence operations here at home. We begin by giving the Department of Defense the resources it needs to modernize the force and close the capability gap in specific areas, such as research and development. We also focus on providing the Department of Justice the resources it needs to investigate and prosecute visa fraud.

Beyond strengthening our national-security capabilities, we must also fortify our position on the commanding heights of the economic battlefield. Our plan doubles research and development funding for artificial intelligence and quantum computing across the federal government over the next two years, and ensures that both international 5G standards and the fabrication of advanced semiconductor chips are led by America. But just as American companies need to understand the stakes, CCP-affiliated companies need to face consequences. That is why our plan protects homegrown innovation by imposing sanctions on PRC entities that engage in industrial spying, including hacking U.S. researchers who are developing a vaccine for COVID-19.

But there is perhaps no more urgent strategic undertaking than breaking the CCP’s supply-chain monopoly. The coronavirus pandemic exposed our dependence on the PRC for medicine, personal protective equipment, and technology. That must end. Our plan increases U.S. manufacturing and builds supply-chain resiliency through full expensing on a permanent basis for all U.S. investment and restores domestic-production tax credits.

And while solidifying our domestic strength, we must courageously address moral wrongs. Recent satellite images of desecrated mosques in Xinjiang remind us of an old truth: “In keeping silent about evil . . . we are implanting it, and it will rise up a thousand fold in the future.” We have a responsibility to speak clearly about the CCP’s human-rights abuses and those aiding them. Our plan calls for the Trump administration to determine whether the CCP’s attacks on Uyghurs constitute genocide, a label that brings serious foreign-policy ramifications. We also call for disclosure requirements for movies and sports that are approved by CCP censors or partner with CCP-controlled entities.

The China Task Force’s blueprint reverses the failed consensus on the CCP and responds to urgent threats to our safety, security, and self-sufficiency. It makes more than 400 recommendations, including over 170 legislative proposals. Nearly two-thirds of these proposals are bipartisan, and more than one-third have already passed the House or the Senate. It is not only the most thorough congressional report on China in history, but is also realistic and achievable.

The CCP has launched a coordinated campaign across government and society, exploiting our institutions to eradicate them. It seeks to replace the American Dream with the Chinese Dream. The United States cannot afford to underestimate the CCP’s ambitions or accommodate its rise any longer. To secure the blessings of liberty for ourselves and our posterity, we must adopt our own comprehensive and forward-leaning strategy.

We’ve done this before. We overwhelmed the Axis powers with an “Arsenal of Democracy,” overtook early Soviet advances in space and were the first to put a man on the moon, and overcame a massive Soviet military buildup by rebuilding our economy and investing in cutting-edge technology. In each instance, private and public sectors were not afraid or ashamed to work together to advance our national interests while keeping their necessary separation. We should take a similar path today.

Kevin McCarthy represents California’s 23rd district and is currently the Republican Leader in the U.S. House of Representatives. Michael McCaul represents Texas’s tenth congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Tuesday, September 29, 2020

With an Eye on China, Reaper Drones Train for Maritime War

 MQ-9 Reapers, the workhorse drone of America’s two-decade counterterrorism fight in the Middle East and Africa, want to show they’re getting a second wind.

The MQ-9 workforce is fighting to keep its place in the Air Force as the service looks to end production of the aircraft and begins scoping out its replacement. The Air Force has grown skeptical that the Reaper could hold its own against advanced nations like Russia and China, which could shoot the non-stealthy aircraft down or jam its transmissions. Military officials worry the Reaper is too vulnerable and lacks the stealth, electronic protections, and speed that planes will need to survive.

In the absence of upgrades that would protect the drone in challenging airspace, the MQ-9 enterprise is adapting its tactics and training to prove useful in a theater of war that looks much different from its typical surroundings.

The MQ-9 schoolhouse at Holloman Air Force Base, N.M., recently rewrote its syllabus to prepare Reaper pilots and sensor operators for a more complex fight, 29th Attack Squadron Commander Lt. Col. Brian Davis told Air Force Magazine in a Sept. 21 interview.

“It incorporates maritime interdiction capabilities, it incorporates a lot more major contingency operation capabilities, air interdiction,” Davis said. “It reinvigorates our strike coordination and reconnaissance capability, and it also increases our combat search and rescue capability.”

The Air Force approved the new coursework shortly before the start of Exercise Agile Reaper, the first training event focused on those tactics in the Pacific. In keeping with the pivot away from the Middle East, patches on Airmen’s uniforms made for the event feature an MQ-9 superimposed over a red silhouette of China.

The exercise at Naval Air Station Point Mugu, Calif., began Sept. 3 and will end Sept. 29. It partners three MQ-9s with the Navy’s Third Fleet, which deploys carrier strike groups, submarines, and other sea vessels and aircraft to the Eastern Pacific, along with Air Force C-130s, and special warfare and Marine Corps personnel, Davis said.

“It’s a demonstration of our capability to rapidly move the MQ-9 anywhere in the world, to unfamiliar locations, and then get out and show the operational reach capabilities of the MQ-9 to provide maritime domain awareness to our joint service partners,” Davis said.

Though Davis declined to provide specifics about the exercise because of operational security concerns, he said MQ-9s were contributing information to a common operating picture that helped the Navy decide where to strike. Reaper operators handled maritime strike coordination and reconnaissance, counter-fast attack craft operations, and close air support over water.

For strike coordination and reconnaissance missions, Reapers would pick up on activity in the area and ensure other aircraft are clear to fly in and fire at their targets. MQ-9 unit commanders have discussed bolstering that and similar missions for at least three years as anti-aircraft threats grow around the world and the Pentagon’s priorities began to change.

In 2017, the head of the 432nd Air Wing at Creech Air Force Base, Nev., said training crews to handle that work would take about a month because they spend most of their time on airstrikes and collecting surveillance imagery. Now, Davis indicated those flights are part of a growing maritime portfolio for the MQ-9.

“We can look out at very long ranges that a lot of our other aircraft in the U.S. Air Force inventory cannot get out to, and we can possibly ID vessels … without the use of tankers or other logistical requirements,” Davis added. The aircraft flew about 2,000 miles to reach the exercise, showing how far it can travel without stopping or accounting for the needs of a human pilot in a cockpit.

As the Reapers handled airstrikes during a mock amphibious assault on San Clemente Island off the California coast, they also looked more than 100 miles away to see where the Navy should strike vessels at sea.

He added that MQ-9s are connecting to military space assets in new ways for command and control, targeting, and navigation, but did not elaborate. A photo taken at the exercise showed an Airman setting up a satellite communications antenna at Point Mugu.

Agile Reaper posed the opportunity to try out a deployable control system that lets Airmen fly the MQ-9 outside of a typical storage container or brick-and-mortar building. Davis declined to discuss how those controls performed, but said it proves Reaper operations don’t need a large, well-established logistics footprint to handle missions. 

Units across the Air Force are practicing quickly packing up and deploying to and from austere locations that lack the infrastructure of a regular air base, in case installations are threatened or hit in a future war.

“We surprised the entire community by how rapidly we can set up and operate the MQ-9 at its full capability. That portion went really well,” Davis said. “The things that didn’t go so well are just a nature of rinsing and repeating, because this is the first time we’ve ever done it.”

The exercise will spur further changes to the MQ-9 training program to incorporate what Airmen learned, he added.

Tuesday, September 22, 2020

President Donald Trump’s speech at the 2020 UN General Assembly

 It is my profound honor to address the United Nations General Assembly 75 years after the end of World War II and the founding of the United Nations, we are once again, engaged in a great global struggle. We have waged a fierce battle against the invisible enemy, the China virus, which has claimed countless lives in 188 countries. In the United States, we launched the most aggressive mobilization since the second world war, we rapidly produced a record supply of ventilators, creating a surplus that allowed us to share them with friends and partners all around the globe. We pioneered lifesaving treatments, reducing our fatality rate 85% since April. Thanks to our efforts, three vaccines are in the final stage of clinical trials. We are mass producing them in advance so they can be delivered immediately upon arrival, we will distribute a vaccine. We will defeat the virus. We will end the pandemic and we will enter a new era of unprecedented prosperity, cooperation and peace.

President Trump: (04:37)
As we pursue this bright future, we must hold accountable the nation, which unleashed this plague onto the world, China. In the earliest days of the virus, China locked down travel domestically while allowing flights to leave China and infect the world. China condemned my travel ban on their country. Even as they canceled domestic flights and locked citizens in their homes, the Chinese government and the World Health Organization, which is virtually controlled by China, falsely declared that there was no evidence of human to human transmission. Later they falsely said people without symptoms would not spread the disease, the United Nations must hold China accountable for their actions. In addition, every year, China dumps millions and millions of tons of plastic and trash into the oceans, over fishes other countries waters, destroys vast swaths of coral reef and admits more toxic mercury into the atmosphere than any country, anywhere in the world.

President Trump: (05:48)
China’s carbon emissions are nearly twice what the US has and it’s rising fast. By contrast, after I withdrew from the one sided Paris Climate Accord, last year, America reduced its carbon emissions by more than any country in the agreement, those who attack America’s exceptional environmental record while ignoring China’s rampant pollution are not interested in the environment. They only want to punish America and I will not stand for it. If the United Nations is to be an effective organization, it must focus on the real problems of the world. This includes terrorism, the oppression of women, forced labor, drug trafficking, human and sex trafficking, religious persecution, and the ethnic cleansing of religious minorities. America will always be a leader in human rights. My administration is advancing religious liberty, opportunity for women, the decriminalization of homosexuality, combating human trafficking and protecting unborn children. We also know that American prosperity is the bedrock of freedom and security all over the world.

President Trump: (07:04)
In three short years, we built the greatest economy in history and we are quickly doing it again. Our military has increased substantially in size. We spent $2.5 trillion over the last four years on our military. We have the most powerful military anywhere in the world, and it’s not even close. We stood up to decades of China’s trade abuses. We revitalize the NATO Alliance where other countries are now paying a much more fair share. We forged historic partnerships with Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador to stop human smuggling. We are standing with the people of Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela in their righteous struggle for freedom. We withdrew from the terrible Iran nuclear deal and opposed crippling sanctions of the world’s leading state sponsor of terror. We obliterated the ISIS caliphate 100%, killed its founder and leader Al-Baghdadi and eliminated the world’s top terrorists Qasem Soleimani. This month we achieved a peace deal between Serbia and Kosovo.

President Trump: (08:17)
We reached a landmark breakthrough with two peace deals in the middle East after decades of no progress, Israel, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain all signed a historic peace agreement in the White House with many other middle Eastern countries to come. They are coming fast and they know it’s great for them, and it’s great for the world. These groundbreaking peace deals at the dawn of the new Middle East, by taking a different approach, we have achieved different outcomes, far superior outcomes. We took an approach and the approach worked. We intend to deliver more peace agreements shortly, and I have been more optimistic for the future of the region. There is no blood in the sand. Those days are hopefully over. As we speak, the United States is also working to end the war in Afghanistan. And we are bringing our troops home. America is fulfilling our destiny as peacemaker, but it is peace through strength.

President Trump: (09:16)
We are stronger now than ever before. Our weapons are at an advanced level like we’ve never had before, like frankly, we’ve never even thought of having before. And I only pray to God that we never have to use them. For decades, the same tired voices proposed the same failed solutions, pursuing global ambitions at the expense of their own people. But only when you take care of your own citizens, would you find a true basis for cooperation. As president, I have rejected the failed approaches of the past, and I am proudly putting America first, just as you should be putting your countries first. That’s okay. That’s what you should be doing. I am supremely confident that next year when we gather in person, we will be in the midst of one of the greatest years in our history, and frankly, hopefully in the history of the world. Thank you, God bless you all. God bless America. And God bless the United Nations.

Saturday, September 19, 2020

联合国成立75周年:问题、挑战与质疑

 全世界蔓延的感染,自大萧条以来最严重的经济危机和气候变暖更不要提饥馑的加剧,越来越多的难民,强人领袖的疯狂排外和美中之间的新冷战。


联合国即将庆祝其1945年在二战废墟中的诞生,尽管在一长串当前全球问题及其自身面临的挑战中,庆祝可能成了怪异的措辞。

因此,对这一诞辰的纪念将是静悄悄的,不仅因为世界各国领导人无法亲自聚在一起举杯大流行让本周开始的联合国大会变成了虚拟会议。在这一世界机构成立75周年之际,它也面临着对其效力乃至地位的深刻质疑。

联合国不应该这么弱,前联合国人权事务高级专员、爱尔兰的首位女总统玛丽罗宾逊(Mary Robinson)说。

当同盟国的胜利者成立联合国之时,他们的目标是避免陷入另一场全球灾难。尽管有种种缺点,但这个被埃莉诺罗斯福(Eleanor Roosevelt)称为我们未来和平的最大希望的组织至少帮助实现了这一目标。

当展望今年的联合国大会时,秘书长安东尼奥古特雷斯(Antnio Guterres)强调了长远的眼光。他说,写进《联合国宪章》的价值观阻止了许多人担心的第三次世界大战的灾难。

尽管如此,这一机构可能从未像现在这样挣扎过。

虽然它是人道主义援助的最主要提供者,而且联合国维和人员在十几个不稳定地区执行任务,但联合国一直未能结束在叙利亚、也门或利比亚旷日持久的战争。巴以冲突的历史几乎和联合国自身的历史一样悠久。

联合国数据显示,全球被迫流离失所的人数在过去十年里翻了一番,达到8000万人。新冠时代的第一批饥荒就潜伏在世界各国的家门口,预计到今年年底,遭受严重饥馑的人数将增加近一倍,超过2.5亿人。

古特雷斯恳请全球停火以帮助抗击冠状病毒,但基本无人理睬。他呼吁为一项100亿美元的冠状病毒紧急应对计划捐款,以帮助最需要帮助的人,但截至上周,承诺捐款额只有目标的四分之一。这样的反应连不温不火都算不上了,联合国援助事务最高官员马克洛科克(Mark Lowcock)说。

联合国从75年前的50个成员国发展到如今有193个成员国和4.4万名全球工作人员,它成立之初的目的是为了提供一个论坛,让各国可以不分大小,都相信自己的声音是有意义的。

但其基本结构并没有赋予联合国大会这个主体机构多少实权,而是把最多的实权给了二战的战胜国英国、中国、法国、俄罗斯和美国这些常任理事国对安理会的15个理事国席位拥有否决权。安理会有权实施经济制裁,并且是唯一被允许部署军事力量的联合国实体。

似乎没有一个常任理事国愿意改变这种权力结构。结果就导致安理会在许多问题上长期陷入僵局,往往使美国不仅与中国和俄罗斯对立,还与其盟友为敌。

联合国不只是在战争和停火问题上难以取得成果。

联合国那17个旨在2030年以前消除贫困、性别偏见和文盲等不平等现象的可持续发展目标(Sustainable Development Goals)已经岌岌可危。据报道联合国的新闻网站PassBlue称,联合国监督小组《全球政策论坛》(Global Policy Forum)主席芭芭拉亚当斯(Barbara Adams)在7月的一次会议上表示,这些目标甚至在大流行出现之前就已经严重偏离轨道。

联合国资深人士都表示,多边主义即共同解决问题这个联合国宪章的宗旨日益与同一部宪章中强调的国家主权和不干涉内政的原则相冲突。

其结果往往是拖延援助或对联合国介入人道主义危机的拒绝,不管这些援助或介入是向流离失所的叙利亚人运送物资,调查缅甸罗辛亚人遭遇大屠杀的证据,还是救助委内瑞拉患病的儿童。

阿尔比安大学的政治学教授、联合国人道主义干预问题专家凯莉布思沃林(Carrie Booth Walling)表示,许多受病毒影响的国家开始向内转,对联合国及其象征的外交而言可能是个坏兆头。

目前真正令人恐惧的是多边主义的总体状况,以及世界各国政府和人民能否看到多边合作的价值,沃林说。

有专制意识的领导人的上台带来了进一步挑战。

特朗普总统经常批评联合国,他反对全球治理的概念,并不满于联合国每年大约95亿美元的预算(其中65亿美元用于维和行动),认为那是浪费。

巴西总统贾伊尔博尔索纳罗(Jair Bolsonaro)称联合国人权理事会是共产主义的会场。匈牙利总理欧尔班维克托(Viktor Orban)谴责联合国保护难民的政策。菲律宾总统罗德里戈杜特地(Rodrigo Duterte)对联合国人权机构对其禁毒战争的调查表示愤怒。

根据特朗普的美国优先方针,美国打算退出世界卫生组织,特朗普批评该组织对新冠病毒的应对,称其为中国的喉舌。特朗普还放弃或削减了对联合国机构的支持,其中包括联合国人口基金、人权理事会以及援助被列为难民的巴勒斯坦人的机构。

尽管美国一直在猛烈抨击,但中国在联合国采取了行动,在经济和社会事务部、国际电信联盟和人权理事会等机构担任领导职务,以争取更多控制权。

两党研究机构新美国安全中心(Center for New American Security) 2019年5月的研究报告《人民共和国的联合国》(People s Republic of the United Nations)指出,中国在联合国的行动是为了重新定义此类机构的运作方式,使其偏离西方的民主和人权概念。

今年中国在联合国的影响力进一步扩大,虽然遭到美国反对,但中国候选人当选粮食及农业组织领导人、加入人权理事会调查员遴选小组,并成为联合国下属的一个裁决海洋法争端的法庭的法官。

中国国家主席习近平敦促下属积极参与引领全球治理体系改革。

美国驻联合国大使凯莉克拉夫特(Kelly Craft)坚称她正在与中国人对抗。例如,她上个月在接受福克斯新闻(Fox News)采访时表示,她利用安理会的一切机会提出中国的人权问题。

不过,现任和前任联合国官员说,特朗普的孤立主义行为损害了美国在联合国的影响力,尽管美国作为东道国和最大的单一捐助国仍然至关重要。他们看到了中国的胆子大了起来,在南海争议地区坚持自己的主张,在香港压制异议,在新疆拘禁100万维吾尔穆斯林,并向亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的贫困国家大举放贷。

如果美国撤出自己的牌,就给中国留下了更多空间,前联合国秘书长科菲安南(Kofi Annan)的首席演讲撰稿人爱德华莫蒂默(Edward Mortimer)说。现在,中国的行为极度强硬而挑衅,让很多国家感到担忧。

Thursday, September 17, 2020

If China loses a future war, entropy could be imminent

 What happens if China engages in a great power conflict and loses? Will the Chinese Communist Party’s control over the society survive a horrifying defeat?

The People’s Liberation Army last fought a massive-scale war during the invasion of Vietnam in 1979, which was a failed operation to punish Vietnam for toppling the Khmer Rouge regime of Cambodia. Since 1979, the PLA has been engaged in shelling Vietnam at different occasions and involved in other border skirmishes, but not fought a full-scale war.

In the last decades, China increased its defense spending and modernized its military, including advanced air defenses and cruise missiles; fielded advanced military hardware; and built a high sea navy from scratch. But there is significant uncertainty of how the Chinese military will perform.

Modern warfare is integration, joint operations, command, control, intelligence, and the ability to understand and execute the ongoing, all-domain fight. War is a complex machinery with low margins of error and can have devastating outcomes for the ill-prepared. It does not matter if you are against or for the U.S. military operations the last three decades; the fact is that the prolonged conflict and engagement have made the U.S. experienced. The Chinese inexperience, in combination with unrealistic expansionist ambitions, can be the downfall of the regime. Dry swimmers maybe train the basics, but they are never great swimmers.

Although it may look like a creative strategy for China to harvest trade secrets and intellectual property as well as put developing countries in debt to gain influence, I would question how rational the Chinese apparatus is. The repeated visualization of the Han nationalist cult appears as a strength amid the youth rallying behind President Xi Jinping’s regime, but it is also a significant weakness. The weakness is blatantly visible in the Chinese need for surveillance and population control to maintain stability — surveillance and repression that is so encompassing in the daily life of the Chinese population that German DDR security services appear to have been amateurs.

Chinese military calls US biggest threat to world peace

All chauvinist cults will implode over time because the unrealistic assumptions add up, and so will the sum of all delusional ideological decisions. Winston Churchill knew after Nazi Germany declared war on the United States in December 1941 that the Allies would prevail and win the war. Nazi Germany did not have the gross domestic product or manpower to sustain the war on two fronts, but the Nazis did not care because they were irrational and driven by hateful ideology. Nazi Germany had just months before it invaded the massive Soviet Union to create Lebensraum and feed an urge to reestablish German-Austrian dominance in Eastern Europe. The Nazis unilaterally declared war on the United States. The rationale for the declaration of war was ideology, a worldview that demanded expansion and conflict, even if Germany was strategically inferior and eventually lost the war.

China’s belief that it can be a global authoritarian hegemony is likely on the same journey. China is today driven by its flavor or expansionist ideology that seeks conflict without being strategically able. It is worth noting that not a single major country is China’s ally.

The Chinese supremacist propaganda works in peacetime, holding massive rallies and hailing Mao Zedong as a military genius, and some of its people sing, dance and wave red banners, but will that grip remain if the PLA loses? In case of a failed military campaign, is the Chinese population, with the one-child policy, ready for casualties, humiliation and failure? Will the authoritarian grip — with facial recognition, informers, digital surveillance and an army that primarily functions during peacetime as a force for crowd control — survive a crushing defeat?

If the regime loses its grip, the wrath of the masses may be unleashed from decades of repression. A country of the size of China — with a history of cleavages and civil wars, and that has a suppressed, diverse population and socioeconomic disparity — can be catapulted into Balkanization after a defeat. In the past, China has had long periods of internal fragmentation and weak central government.

The United States reacts differently to failure. The United States is as a country far more resilient than we might assume from watching the daily news. If the United States loses a war, the president gets the blame, but there will still be a presidential library in his/her name. There is no revolution.

There is an assumption lingering over today’s public debate that China has a strong hand, advanced artificial intelligence and the latest technology, and that it is an uber-able superpower.

I am not convinced.

During the last decade, the countries in the Indo-Pacific region that seeks to hinder the Chinese expansion of control, influence and dominance have increasingly formed stronger relationships. The strategic scale is in the democratic countries' favor. If China, still driven by ideology, pursues conflict at a large scale, it is likely the end of the communist dictatorship. In my personal view, we should pay more attention to the humanitarian risks, the ripple effects and the dangers of nukes in a civil war in case the Chinese regime implodes after a failed future war.

Jan Kallberg is a research scientist at the Army Cyber Institute at West Point and an assistant professor at the U.S. Military Academy. The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Army Cyber Institute at West Point, the U.S. Military Academy, the Defense Department or the U.S. government.

特朗普将如何输掉与中国的贸易战

 编者:本文是 保罗·克鲁格曼于2024年11月15日发表于《纽约时报》的一篇评论文章。特朗普的重新当选有全球化退潮的背景,也有美国民主党没能及时推出有力候选人的因素。相较于民主党的执政,特朗普更加具有个人化的特点,也给时局曾经了更多的不确定性。 好消息:我认为特朗普不会引发全球...