Thursday, March 19, 2020

关于高中生的信的对话



关于高中生的信的对话

一封16岁高中生给方方的信,最近在网络上流传,反响甚广,讨论甚众。两个网友的问答,颇有些意思,隐去其名,摘录在此。

网友A提问,“中学生信中说,“我们政治老师讲,任何政权都不是十全十美,任何政党都不可能完美无缺,任何政治制度都不可能没有瑕疵”。我想问一下各位前辈这这句话哪里说错?

网友B回答:这句话当然没错。那么就说说这个政党的“不完美”和“瑕疵”?都有哪些呢,专制独裁,算一个吧?

网友A再问,可悲,一个16岁的少年在你们所谓‘不完美的中国’培育了你们老一代,尚且没有像65岁的方方那样自负的说出西方优越感。一个少年可以冷静理性而且谦虚的提问长辈,可是她得到的回付尽然是含糊不清如西方创造了科学此类没有常识的定论。请问西方制度完美么?

网友B回答:现在已经不能说是“西方制度”了,东方的国家,日本,韩国也都采取了民主自由的制度。这个制度,取代了专制独裁,给社会带来强大的生命力。它打败了纳粹,也战胜了共产主义,从欧洲,到美洲,从亚洲到澳洲,越来越多的人们生活在民主自由的社会。你维护的那个独裁专制,被越来越多的人所唾弃,已经是属于历史垃圾堆里的东西了。你还在说什么完美,简直是笑话。

方方的回答,很温和,不过稍微有些隐晦。人类的历史发展,从来都是从”不完美“到”更好“,抗生素完美吗?总比香灰要好。高铁完美吗?总比马车强。电脑完美吗?总比算盘要好。自然科学如此,社会科学也一样。一个国家,一个民族,不能躲在”不完美“的城墙后面,固守着落后的制度,并且用这个固步自封的理论,教育自己的下一代。“少年强则国强”,少年人应该去大胆的思考自己的不完美,从而向更好的方向发展,而不是告诉自己,既然都”不完美,这样也挺好”。前朝的遗老遗少们,就是在这样一种精神鸦片的安慰中,错过了一个又一个历史机遇,让今天的少年,还在问”专制独裁是不是完美“!

您和文中16岁的少年,都在问”这句话错了吗“?其原因就是”你们所谓‘不完美的中国’培育了你们“。这个教育体系教给学生现代的数学,化学,物理学,却没有教现代的政治学,历史学,和对社会问题的思辨。说句不好听的话,教育出了合格的工程师,医生,却没有教育出合格的公民,为什么会这样,只是教育体系的失误,还是有意为之?所以才有这种”不完美“的疑问。不过既然能问,就是好事,因为问题的后面,总会有思考和探索,还有各种讨论。这些讨论可能很不愉快,也会产生更多的疑问,但是no pain no gain。生而为人,还有什么比自由的思考,更让人愉快呢?

网友A又追问:中国并非是完全一党执政制,也有多党派,按你说中国就是独裁?那中国发展经济拓展丝绸之路就是传播病毒?寻求国际话语权,只需西方评论中国人权,那中国没有资格评论西方人权?西方媒体和政府对人权保护是完美无暇的?你说中国该怎么做,才能迎合你们的逻辑思维?

网友B回答:如果您认为中国大陆目前不是一党独裁,那么49年以后,有哪些政党曾经取得执政党地位?或者说,哪一个政党参与过对公职的竞选?如果这都不算独裁,那什么才算是独裁呢?

Saturday, March 14, 2020

牛津教授陈铮鸣:英国防疫策略是近乎无情的理性

原标题:专访牛津教授陈铮鸣:英国防疫策略是近乎无情的理性
  当意大利封锁全境、法国宣布学校停课,英国首相鲍里斯·约翰逊最新制定的防疫政策饱受争议。尽管他在3月12日宣布英国的防疫行动进入了第二阶段,但他宣布的最主要三个政策是出现发烧或者咳嗽症状的人要进行自我隔离,学校取消海外旅行,超过70岁或者健康状况有问题的人不要乘坐邮轮,并反复强调洗手对于预防新冠肺炎的重要性。
  与此同时,英国的新冠肺炎确诊人数持续上升,截至当地时间3月13日早上九点,798人确诊。但英国政府首席科学顾问帕特里克·瓦兰斯表示,英国目前实际的感染人数可能在5000到10000人之间。随着英国进入防疫行动的新阶段,英国政府表示将不再对出现轻微症状的病人进行检测,这部分人被要求在家隔离,新冠病毒检测将只对病重入院的患者展开。
  英国政府此前公布了针对新冠肺炎的防疫行动计划,分为防堵、拖延、研究和减损四个阶段。随着感染数量的增加,防疫工作从防堵进入了拖延阶段,即如何放缓病毒在英国的蔓延以及减少到达峰值的影响。
  约翰逊将新冠肺炎形容为“一代人面临的最严重公共卫生危机”,但他同时表示采取更严厉措施的时机非常重要,因此暂时并未宣布关闭学校或者停止大规模集会。对于是否关闭学校的选择,约翰逊表示:“科学建议是目前这么做的危害大于好处。”
  与其他国家采取的政策力度相比,英国的对策引发批评。英国前卫生大臣杰里米·亨特批评约翰逊政府在英国距离意大利的现状只差4个星期的时候无所作为。世界权威医学期刊《柳叶刀》杂志主编理查德·霍顿表示,英国迫切需要执行保持社交距离和关闭政策,而英国政府是在拿公众的健康“玩轮盘赌”,是一个重大错误。
  但瓦兰斯表示英国政府现在采取的措施可以缓解疫情高峰期的到来,并有助于在英国产生群体免疫。他表示,由于大部分受感染人群都是轻症,他们在治愈后可以产生某种群体免疫,让更多的人对新冠肺炎免疫。瓦兰斯预计大约60%的人口在感染病毒治愈后英国才能实现群体免疫,这一数字经过不同角度的解读变得争议。
  英国牛津大学流行病学教授陈铮鸣在接受《财经》记者专访时表示,英国政府的做法有时候是近乎无情的理性冷静,但其中考虑到了英国的国情和民众心理。他表示在英国准备了更多举措,但这些措施在什么时候实施才能达到最大效果是英国政府的重要考量,尽管这导致了英国的对策在和中国以及欧洲其他国家对比时看起来让人难以理解。
  “武汉最大的借鉴意义就是不能挤兑医疗资源,不能让医生感染,这是非常关键的。”陈铮鸣说。
  《财经》:和法国宣布学校停课、意大利宣布封锁全国相比,英国政府的对策是否过于轻视?
  陈铮鸣:官方说是基于科学做出的决策,但科学家层面已经有一些不同的声音。《柳叶刀》主编和前卫生大臣都对政府的举措有不同的意见,觉得他们做得太少。本来以为会有更大的举措,比如关闭学校,限制或者取消大型的人群聚集活动如体育赛事、音乐会,或者有明确的规范,比如德国取消了1000人以下活动。因此约翰逊宣布的举措在英国国内面临不同的声音。
  在我看来,现在的政策可能更多是希望对经济和民生的影响降到最低,但这些措施迟早会改,因为英国疫情还处于急速上升阶段。现在英国防疫工作已经进入第二阶段,即降低伤害阶段。第一阶段是希望把病毒挡在外面,英国在2月基本上是想通过早期筛查诊断和隔离接触病例的人来围堵病毒。现在出现大幅度社区传播之后,可能力不从心,希望大部分的人能扛过去,不至于出现对医疗系统的突然大规模挤兑。按病情轻重进行治疗也是合理的,因为中国和意大利出现的情况也存在这个问题。
  《财经》:英国政府的一个策略是希望能够产生群体免疫来对抗病毒,但在缺乏疫苗的情况下,这一策略是否过于冒险?
  陈铮鸣:所以说英国的策略过于冒险和理性,现在德国也是这个措施。这与东方的打法完全不同,抵挡不住了,就把你引进来。这个病毒能不能消灭掉?它和SARS还不一样,SARS感染以后发高烧,高烧之后才有感染力,最后病毒消失了。但新冠病毒是一个持久战,最后消灭病毒有两个方法,一是疫苗尽快出来,这是有希望的,但夏天之前肯定看不到。另一个是像西班牙大流感,来了三拨,最后消亡就是因为感染的人太多了,大家都产生了免疫力。有人在感染之后死亡,也有人感染之后治愈,恢复之后就产生了免疫力,病毒传播的危险度也在慢慢降低直到最后消亡。
  现在英国政府采取的也是这种理念。从某种角度来讲,政府还应该多做一些,但想要采取亚洲,比如中国的做法,可能没有办法。中国的力度很大,快刀斩乱麻,但成本也很高。中国的措施也是在一个特定的时机,正好在春节期间,大家都在放假,已经停摆,那就继续停摆,以此控制疫情。假如在常态下,要让14亿人都停摆,我觉得很难做到。各个国家国情不同,时间点和感染情况不一样,出发点也各异,所以有各种应对方法,适合各自国情,但也各有利弊,没有一个完美的方案。
  《财经》:英国政府说是基于科学、概率和模型制定了这些政策,但新冠病毒是全新的病毒,如果算法不够准确导致决策失误怎么办?
  陈铮鸣:虽然有这种可能,但现在病毒的系数已经基本上清楚了。R0再生系数,也就是一个人可以传染几个人,大概是三到四左右。以前传播系数不到3,大概六天感染人数翻倍,但现在英国和意大利的情况是四天翻倍。实际情况可能更加严重,传播系数可能在3到4左右。根据这个曲线基本可以预测,所以现在就是要延缓。一是通过宣传,民众自己采取一些行动,这样对经济的损失最小,因为一旦政府出面的话,很多东西需要政府买单,经济政策与政治政策是密切相关的。这里有很多经济考虑,各国有各国的国情。
  另一个情况是,英国肯定会采取一些极端的措施,像意大利一样,但要对采取这些措施的时间和民众的耐受度进行评估。像中国那种程度的封城肯定不行,中国民众忍耐力特别强,配合,有大局观。英国民众做不到,所以英国政府希望用在最关键的时间点。这种考虑有一定道理,但也可能不准确,可能低估了民众的觉悟。
  科学的东西也不是一成不变的,肯定会有不同的声音,我们已经听到了不同的意见。所以从个人角度,没有必要都听政府的,根据自己的知识和判断,该采取什么措施采取什么措施。很多人可能还是歌舞升平,该干什么干什么,有可能最后没事,但也可能两个星期之后就开始骂了。但也有人比较警觉,尽量减少面对面的接触,在生活尽量维持常态的同时,做你能做的事情。这是比较明智和理性的做法。其实社会的反映已经开始逐渐强烈了,哪怕政府不讲,民众会有自己的判断。尽管如此,社会没有出现大的恐慌,国家做国家的,社区做社区的,个人做个人的,找到一个比较平衡的方案。
  《财经》:约翰逊的顾问说英国在四周之后可能面临和意大利同的局面,英国的国家医疗服务体系(NHS)在多大程度上能应对这种局面?
  陈铮鸣:英国的情况肯定会恶化和蔓延,但会不会发展成意大利的局面,我个人的判断是可能不至于那么差。第一,早期的感染曲线显示,意大利刚开始的情况比英国还好,几乎是零增长,后面突然爆发,这说明围堵工作做得不够到位,社区已经广泛传播却没有察觉。英国前期也采取了各种措施,有些传播及时得到了控制,虽然力度如果和新加坡相比可能还是不够,但至少在2月没有明显的增加。
  意大利好像非常风平浪静,除了1月底有输入性病例,后来基本没出现。意大利是第一个宣布进入紧急状态和第一个切断与中国航线的国家,最后也是疫情最严重的。由于采取的政策时间点把握得不好,或者把握好了但力度不够,因为它不像武汉出现爆发,大家有一种虚假的安全感,觉得没事,该干嘛干嘛。意大利2月举行了很多活动,威尼斯狂欢节、米兰时装周、马拉松都照常举行。
  这种聚集性的群体活动传播很厉害,密切接触和互相交流,成为病毒最好的传播场所。病毒开始迅速扩张,开始可能以年轻人为主,他们没有出现很明显的症状,扛一扛就过去了。慢慢扩散到老年人,真正的问题就爆发了。意大利是欧洲老龄化最严重的国家,对医疗的冲击很大。意大利的另一个问题是出现地区性聚集,伦巴第大区的病例占了全国百分之六七十的比例。虽然这是意大利最富有的地区,但医疗资源再怎么充沛也抵挡不住病人洪水般增加。英国希望病例能够比较均匀地分布,不会在某一地方出现对医疗资源的严重挤兑。
  我认为英国可能不会出现像意大利那样的情况。一是年龄,英国的年龄结构相对没有那么老龄化,第二分布相对比较均匀,三是英国的感染虽然也在恶化,但早期病人的传播没有像意大利来的那么快,准备时间比较充足。英国的疫情发展可能比意大利晚三到四周,医院也在做必要的准备。现在分成两步,一是没有生命危险的手术推迟,但这会带来一些医疗的次生危害。另外可能要像意大利那样进行病人选择。治疗不是按先来后到,而是要根据病情,当呼吸机或者体外肺循环仪不够的时候,给谁使用。这很残酷,但没有办法。
  《财经》:英国政府放弃了对所有轻症疑似病人进行检测,但这也有可能加剧社区传播风险。这是一个明智的决定吗?
  陈铮鸣:英国政府的做法让中国来讲很难理解,这是由它的政治、社会决定的,有的时候是近乎无情的理性冷静。它根据概率论来计算,必要的措施希望民众配合。英国是一个公民社会,诊断了一例不可能把患者的行动轨迹全部公布,在东方社会这么做可以让大家提高警惕,这里出于保护个人隐私的目的是不可能做到的。你不知道在哪里发生,在很大程度上加大了防控难度。
  但现在的政策是,出现症状全要隔离,我觉得民众应该会遵守。经过两个月大家对这个病的认识还是很重视的,电视上也在宣传各种卫生防护措施,洗手,但没有说戴口罩。这有客观和主观的原因,一是口罩紧缺,二是病毒通过飞沫传播,只要保持一定距离,所以强调洗手有其科学道理。
  《财经》:放弃对轻症病人的检测是因为检测能力不足吗?
  陈铮鸣:我不认为完全是,这是英国的一个策略。其实在2月英国已经开了十几个检测中心,现在的能力大概一天可以检测一到两万。检测出的数量可以体现疫情严重程度,但都去检测,结果显示阳性也未必去得了医院,因为要视病情而定。如果是轻症就待在家里,因为80%的人都是靠自身免疫力扛过去。一部分人扛不过去才到医院。这看上去是近乎无情的理性冷静,但也有它的道理,因为感染数量大,必须要做一些取舍。在家隔离,英国的条件比中国好一些,因为人口密度比较低,家里通常有几个房间,分为楼上楼下。但不检测就不会了解疫情的真实情况。
  《财经》:武汉之前也是轻症在家隔离,但由此导致更多人感染,所以后来建设方舱医院集中收治,武汉的经历对英国没有借鉴意义吗?
  陈铮鸣:武汉最大的借鉴意义就是不能挤兑医疗资源,不能让医生感染,这是非常关键的。进方舱医院的患者其实很少接受治疗,大部分不需要治疗就扛过去出院了。但通过设置方舱医院减少了不必要的社区传播。英国需不需要?现在暂时可能还不需要。一是英国的量还没有那么大,二是英国的国情决定可能不需要这么做,它的社区密度低,居住条件也比较好。英国强调在家隔离的话,家人一定要隔离,希望不会产生太多家庭聚集的交叉感染。肯定会有,但严重程度现在还不是很清楚。
  《财经》:戴口罩对预防新冠肺炎有没有用?为什么英国和中国结论不同?
  陈铮鸣:英国和欧洲的文化是生病了才戴口罩。戴口罩的华人被打或者被歧视,有的是因为他们觉得你生了病还在外面跑,由此引发误解和冲突。但随着疫情的扩张,慢慢也会改变。尤其在人口密集的地方,现在已经有一些人开始戴口罩。
  《财经》:你戴口罩吗?
  陈铮鸣:我没有戴。第一现在英国感染的人数还是少,比例还是很小,而且散在不同的地方。第二,采取了个人防护。现在戴口罩意义不是很大,因为英国人口密度不是很大。飞沫传播通常也就是一两米的距离,最最关键是洗手。以前做过很多研究,禽流感和往年流感的时候,发现戴口罩不洗手也不能阻止病毒传播。有人戴口罩方式不对或者没有及时更换,又或者戴了以后不注意洗手,反而增加了感染风险。
  还有一个问题是口罩现在很难买到了,虽然备了口罩,但要关键的时候再用。现在尽量保持社交距离,减少接触。大家都比较警觉,一定程度上还是能起到作用。
  《财经》:防堵、拖延、研究和减损这四个阶段是英国应对传染病疫情时通常采取的模式吗?
  陈铮鸣:不完全一样。英国肯定会制定一些政策,尤其是面对大的疫情,但首先要根据疫情的流行病学特征、危害和传播模式来制定。以前疯牛病传播途径不同,当时做了最坏的打算,可能会有100万人感染,但事实上没有。这一次说可能70-80%的人感染,50万人死亡,这是最坏的打算,我估计不会这么糟。但先把最坏结果想到了,再看每个阶段出现什么情况,如何应对,根据国力,找到利益最大化、危害最小化的应对方式,英国无法做到像中国那样不计成本。中国国情不同,中国是一个全能政府,民众比较配合,疫情爆发相对集中在武汉。
  英国的四阶段行动计划是根据这次疫情制定,现在进入第二阶段,但第二阶段也不是一成不变,措施还会分阶段出来。研究穿插在各个阶段,不只是英国的研究,也会参考国际经验。现在主要还是延缓,因为还未感受到对英国医疗系统特别大的冲击。但两个星期之后再看,NHS受到的压力可能会不同,但尽量希望是软着陆,而不是硬着陆,导致医疗系统崩溃,意大利就面临这种情况。
  第二阶段的政策还会分三个层次,现在仍处于初级层次,虽然已经进入延迟阶段,但出台的政策还是蜻蜓点水,大力度的措施还没有出台,比如休学、休市、休工等,或者封城。这些都是可能的,都在计划之中,在必要的时候出台。但什么时候出手,我们现在也不好猜测。法国比英国严重一些,按疫情分析比英国早一到两周。其中有社会心理学的考虑,法国到了这个时候,大家怕了,一出手大家容易接受。但英国还没有到那种情况,如果现在喊狼来了,等到真的狼来了没有人信,这是很重要的出发点。武汉和意大利总是遥远的,大部分民众还体会不到其严重性。
  但过一个星期,如果疫情再继续恶化,现在每四天翻倍,接下来可能要考虑取消一些大型活动,比如体育赛事和音乐会。如果政府现在宣布取消公共活动,势必要产生退票,退票对企业影响非常大。而自己不去是自己的事情,损失由自己承担。所以现在的措施是尽量对社会、经济的震荡降到最低。接下来可能休学、休市,最后在看要不要封城。我估计会有这些不同阶段,希望不要走到封城这一步。但封城也是一个名义上的封城,意大利的封城和武汉的封城程度是不一样的。
  《财经》:英国政府在制定决策的时候引入一个行为心理顾问小组,他们依赖的模型在很大程度上依靠对民众行为的预估,并由此制定了和其他国家应对程度完全不同的政策。你如何看待这个小组的作用?
  陈铮鸣:很多事情有正反两方面,有的时候可能有点教条,但也不能完全忽略。比如意大利封城,看起来是很好的应对举措,但孩子休学了,谁来照看?虽然减少了学校的密切接触,但这些孩子回到家里,有的需要老人带,于是增加了孩子传给老人的风险。如果需要父母照顾,父母是医生怎么办,医疗资源本来就已经很紧张。另一个要考虑的是要封锁多长时间。中国已经到了极限,再下去大家都要“发疯”了。英国和意大利又是另一种情况,一旦结束,全都跑去度假,反而增加人口流动和感染机会。这个问题很让人纠结,但很多问题不是这么简单,有其两面性。
  对于民众的耐受度的评估是基于以往研究,在特殊时候,民众的耐受力可能不一样。但要英国封锁两个月是不可能的,两到三个星期可能是极限,但这三个星期什么时候用?等到高峰期的时候,大家心理也有准备,也接受了。现在可能不太能接受,在水到渠成时采取一个有效措施,大家都会配合。这有一定的科学道理,但看上去有些过于理性冷静,但没办法,就像打仗一样,总要有所取舍。
  《财经》:但从中国人的角度看还是有些难以理解。
陈铮鸣:是比较难以理解。中国确实有很多值得借鉴的地方,但国情不同,不可能也没办法采取同样的举措。中国是一个全能的政府,老百姓也配合,大家步调一致。这边是公民社会,必须要互动,所以出台政策需要均衡各方面的因素。除非是到了极端的危急状态,那时采取政策水到渠成,但现在还没到时候。
  所以在中国国内很多人不太理解。等到疫情过后,大家也可以探讨一下,不同社会的管理模式,利与弊,是很复杂的。有人讲中国的防疫是生物学加政治学,其中要考虑到很多政治学和生物学的因素。中国是希望打歼灭战,把病毒彻底消灭。西方比如英国和德国是“与病共舞”,打持久战。
  《财经》:英国政府现在还可以采取什么措施来加强其应对能力?
  陈铮鸣:政策角度已经进入防疫第二阶段。目前政策的对与错,我们可能要两三个月之后才能进行科学评估。政府有政府的道理,但也有人提出不同的意见。它是不是最合理的,谁也很难讲,要等到疫情过去。不同的防疫模式也是如此,中国是一百米快跑,冲刺过线,但新的卷子又发下来。英国则认为这是一场马拉松,先慢慢跑,不急于冲刺,因为看不到终点,所以现在如果采取某些措施为时过早。我们能做的就是自己保护好自己。

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

具官论

宇文泰,北周开国之君。向来慕曹操之术。有苏绰者,深谙治国之道,孔明之流也。宇文泰以治国之道问苏绰,二人闭门密谈。
宇文泰问曰:国何以立?
  苏绰曰:具官。
  问:何为具官?
  曰:用贪官,反贪官。
  问:既是贪官,如何能用?
  曰:为臣者,以忠为大。臣忠则君安。然,臣无利则臣不忠。但官多财寡,奈何?
  问:奈何?
  曰:君授权与之官,使官以权谋利,官必喜。
  问:善。虽官得其利,然寡人所得何在?
  曰:官之利,乃君权所授,权之所在,利之所在也,是以官必忠。官忠则江山万世可期。
叹曰:善!然则,既用贪官,又罢贪官,何故?
  曰:贪官必用,又必弃之,此乃权术之密奥也。
  宇文泰移席,谦恭求教曰:先生教我!
  苏绰大笑:天下无不贪之官。贪,何所惧?所惧者不忠也。凡不忠者,必为异己,以罢贪官之名,排除异己,则内可安枕,外得民心,何乐而不为?此其一。其二,官若贪,君必知之,君既知,则官必恐,官愈恐则愈忠,是以罢弃贪官,乃驭官之术也。若不用贪官,何以弃贪官?是以必用又必弃之也。倘若国中皆清廉之官,民必喜,则君必危矣。
  问:何故?
  曰:清官以清廉为恃,直言强项,犯上非忠,君以何名罢弃之?罢弃清官,则民不喜,不喜则生怨,生怨则国危,是以清官不可用也。
  宇文泰大喜。
苏绰厉声曰:君尚有问乎?
  宇文泰大惊,曰:尚……尚有乎?
  苏绰复厉色问曰:所用者皆为贪官,民怨沸腾,何如?
  宇文泰汗下,再移席,匍匐问计。
  苏绰笑曰:下旨斥之可也。一而再,再而三,斥其贪婪,恨其无状,使朝野皆知君之恨,使草民皆知君之明,坏法度者,贪官也,国之不国,非君之过,乃贪官之过也,如此则民怨可消。
  又问:果有大贪,且民怨愤极者,何如?
  曰:杀之可也。抄其家,没其财,如是则民怨息,颂声起,收贿财,又何乐而不为?要而言之:
  用贪官,以结其忠,
  罢贪官,以排异己,
  杀大贪,以平民愤,
  没其财,以充宫用。
  此乃千古帝王之术也。
宇文泰击掌再三,连呼曰:妙!妙!妙!
  而不觉东方之既白。

译文

苏绰是北周开国帝王宇文泰的谋臣,足智多谋可与诸葛亮、王猛比肩齐名。苏绰对于中国历史上贪官不绝如缕,朝朝代代都有巨贪大奸,自然是心知肚明。故某日宇文泰想请教苏绰如何治国方能延续江山永祚之道时,苏绰立即给出了这个定律——以贪反贪,方能控制官吏离心异志 [1]  。
宇文泰问:“国何以立?”苏绰答:“用官 [1]  。”
宇文泰问:“如何用官? [1]  ”
苏绰答:“用贪官,反贪官。”宇文泰问:“贪官何以用 [1]  ?”
苏绰答:“你要叫别人为你卖命,就必须给别人好处。而你又没那么多钱给他们,那就给他们权,叫他们用手中的权去搜刮民脂民膏,他不就可以拥权自肥了吗 [1]  ?”
宇文泰问:“贪官用我给的权力得到了好处,又会给我带来什么好处 [1]  ?”
苏绰答:“他能得到的好处是因为你给的权力,所以他为了保住自己的好处就必须维护你的权力。那么你的统治不就稳固了吗 [1]  ?”
宇文泰问:“既然用贪官,何以还要反贪官 [1]  ?”
苏绰答:“这就是治术精髓所在。”宇文泰问:“奥秘何在 [1]  ?”
苏绰答:“这有两个好处:其一,天下无官不贪?不怕官贪,就怕官有异志。故以反贪之名,剔除异志贪官,保留听话贪官,这样既可以消除异己,巩固你的权力,又得到民众的拥戴。其二,贪官只要贪,你就有把柄在手,他敢异志,自找死路,故必与你同心同德。 [1]  ”
宇文泰问:“如果任用贪官而招惹民怨怎办 [1]  ?”
苏绰答曰:“祭起反贪大旗,广作宣示,使天下皆知君王心系天下,尤恨贪官。 [1]  ”
宇文泰问:“贪官民怨太大当如何处置 [1]  ?”
苏绰:“杀之可也。抄其家,没其财,如是则民怨息,颂声起,又可收其财,何乐而不为?要而言之:用贪官以结其忠,弃贪官以肃异己,杀大贪以平民愤,没其财以充宫用。 [1]  ”
一番君臣之间的对话,着实让宇文泰频频颔首称是,击掌再三,自以为获得了千古帝王之术 [1]  。

Wednesday, February 26, 2020

Surprise: China's Economy Is Smaller Than You Think

China’s economy isn’t what it used to be (at least as recently as last week). Four intrepid economists—Wei Chen, Xilu Chen and Michael Song of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, along with Chang-Tai Hsieh of the University of Chicago—have taken a fine-toothed comb to Chinese economic data to try to tease out China's true rate of economic growth since 2008. Not surprisingly, they found that China has been over-reporting its growth rate by an average of 1.7 percentage points every year.


Shave off a little growth every year for the last dozen years ago, and the cumulative effect is that China is now overstating its true GDP by nearly 20 percent.
The four economists’ “forensic examination” of China’s GDP figures relied on hard-to-fake data like tax receipts, nighttime light intensity observed from satellites, electricity generation, railway cargo and merchandise exports to estimate China’s true growth rate since the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. Their estimates are both much more volatile and nearly always lower than the figures reported by China’s National Bureau of Statistics.
China’s 2018 GDP on China’s official statistical website shows that ¥93.15 trillion translates to around $13.4 trillion in U.S. dollars. That compares to $20.5 trillion for the United States, valuing China's economy at about 65 percent of the size of America's. Of course, China has more than four times the population of the United States, so in per capita terms China is still way behind at $9,800 compared to nearly $63,000 for the United States.
No one except the Western news media and the Communist Party of China ever believed those figures, but now we know they are fake. The four economists’ new figures, published Thursday in one of the Brookings Institution’s working papers, suggest that both GDP and GDP growth in China are far below what the headlines say. Assuming that China was accurately reporting its GDP figures back in 2008, the new estimate for 2018 would be $11.1 trillion, or only about 54 percent of the size of the American economy.
That implies a per capita figure of only around $8,000, well below Mexico’s figure of $9,600 and only about one-eighth of the U.S. level. And that's assuming that the 2008 baseline figures weren’t themselves over-inflated. Back in 2007, Li Keqiang (then a regional party boss but now the premier of China) famously called them “man-made.” And the lower the 2008 base number, the lower the imputed figure for today.
Taking China’s reported 2018 growth rate of 6.5 percent down by 1.7 points would give a current growth figure of only 4.8 percent, well below that of regional competitors like Vietnam and India (both at 7.3 percent). It also means that, even at current growth rates, China won’t catch up to the United States anytime soon. Extrapolating China at 4.8 percent and the United States at its historical average of 2.1 percent, China’s economy wouldn't surpass America’s until 2036, in per capita terms not until 2076. That’s a lot of extrapolation.
Historical data from other East Asian tiger economies suggest that things work turn out that way. The era of rapid economic growth in South Korea and Taiwan came to an end in the early 2000s, at a time when they were only about one-third as rich as the United States (in per capita terms). They have both spend the last two decades struggling to stay about half the American level of GDP per capita. Neither is as prosperous as the poorest U.S. state, Mississippi. Japan is only on a par with the second poorest, Alabama.
China has pockets of prosperity in Beijing, Shanghai and Guagzhou/Shenzhen that are approaching East Asian tiger levels, but most of the country is still very poor. The idea that China poses a serious economic (and thus military) challenge to the United States is simply preposterous. As its growth slows, it is rapidly becoming clear that the emperor has no clothes. Thanks to the detailed work of Chen, Chen, Hsieh and Song, we now have the hard evidence to prove it.

Tuesday, February 25, 2020

转译文:中国是真正的亚洲病人

这个星期(2020年2月3号),强大的中国战车,在不同物种之间跳跃的蝙蝠病毒面前,遭遇挫折。中国正在努力控制疫情,重启经济。这也警示着全世界,在习惯于中国强势崛起的时候,也要明白没有任何东西是理所当然的,哪怕是北京的力量。
我们对新冠病毒的危害尚未完全明了。有迹象表明,中国当局依然在试图隐瞒事实的真相,目前的理解是新冠病毒比伊波拉和萨斯更具传染性,但不像它们那样致命,虽然也有专家说萨斯和新冠病毒具有类似的传染性。
中国对这次危机的初始反应是不及格的,武汉市政府躲躲闪闪,明哲保身;中央政府目前反应激烈,但是效果善乏可陈。城市封闭,工厂停工,但是病毒依然在扩散。我们希望政府最终能够控制疫情,治疗病患,但是中国共产党当下的表现,让人对它的信心大受挫折。北京抱怨美国拒绝让最近到过中国的外国人入境,但是这不能掩盖是武汉和北京的错误决策,才导致瘟疫的泛滥。
专家们预测,在经济层面,瘟疫很可能会导致第一季度中国经济增长面临短暂但明显的下滑,疫情结束后才能慢慢恢复。至于长期的后果,就是跨国公司的产业链转移出中国的倾向,会得到加强。贸易战与公共卫生安全相叠加,使供应链的多元化,更加符合公司的长远利益。
类似于新冠病毒这类事件,和它之前的SARS, Ebola, MERS,考验我们的体系,使大家去思考原来想象不到的问题。如果有一种像Ebola那样致命,像新冠病毒那样传播迅猛的瘟疫,美国该如何应对?什么样的国家和国际体系,才能把危害降至最低?
瘟疫能让我们思考地缘政治和经济的各种假设。虽然希望疫情对中国经济增长的影响是短暂的,但是我们依然看到金融市场和商品价格的波动。假设一场大瘟疫,或者更有可能的一次大规模金融崩溃,让中国经济经历长期的低增速,那么会如何呢?会不会影响中国的政治稳定,会不会改变中国对世界的态度,乃至全球力量的均衡?
长期来看,中国的金融市场也许比其野生动物市场更加危险。数十年来,政府推动借贷的成本累积,地方政府和本地银行之间的利益勾兑,高企的地产泡沫,大规模的工业产能过剩,中国需要一次大规模的经济整顿。当前,即使一个小的初始震动都可能引起一场“虚荣的焰火”,因为那些虚假的价值,膨胀的预期和错置的财产会垮掉。如果真是这样的话,中国执政者和决策者面临的问题是,他们的技术手段和政治权威,能否使危害降至最低,尤其是这将导致那些政治上彼此有联系的人遭受重大经济损失。
我们无法预知这种规模的灾祸是否会发生,或者什么时候发生。但是地缘政治和国际关系的观察者,商业领袖和投资者,都需要牢记,中国的力量虽然看似强大,其实很脆弱。一个更加致命的病毒,或者一次金融市场的恐慌,足以在任何时刻改变中国政治经济的面貌。
很多人担心新冠病毒会成为一个全球性的瘟疫。中国经济崩溃的后果也会以同样方式,冷酷的传播。全球商品价格大跌,供应链断裂,全球的金融机构没人会独善其身。中国和全球的经济复苏都会很缓慢,从而给社会和政治带来戏剧性的影响。
如果北京的地缘政治势力范围因此而缩小,给世界带来的后果也可能是惊人的。有些人会以为全球秩序会回到“单极”状态,因为唯一一个可能和美国抗衡的强国退出争霸游戏。不过对于美国政治而言,孤立主义会重新占据上风。如果来自中国的挑战减弱,那么很多美国人会认为美国可以安心的减少所承担的国际事务。
到目前为止,21世纪是一个“黑天鹅”的时代,从911到特朗普当选,再到英国脱欧,一系列小概率但高冲击力的事件重新塑造了世界格局。这个时代还没有结束,其它“黑天鹅”还会陆续到来,新冠病毒不太可能会是中国的最后一只。

Monday, February 24, 2020

Tyranny is fueling the coronavirus pandemic

On the other side of the world, one of the worst disease outbreaks in modern history is simmering. As of Friday, what is being called "coronavirus" (this is actually a name for a family of viruses including the common cold; medical experts are calling the actual virus in question COVID-19) had supposedly infected 75,567 people in China and killed 2,239 of them. Outside China, another 1,152 cases had been reported in 26 other countries, causing eight deaths, including recent outbreaks in South Korea and Iran. The director general of the World Health Organization, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, said Friday: "Our window of opportunity [to stop the outbreak] is narrowing."
It remains to be seen whether China and other countries will be able to control the outbreak. But one thing is clear: Authoritarian political systems are lousy at dealing with disease pandemics. We see this in China today and in the United States as well.
COVID-19 originated in the Chinese city of Wuhan, and as Laurie Garrett writes in Foreign Policy, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) horribly botched its initial response to the coronavirus outbreak: "China now faces international vilification and potential domestic unrest as it blunders through continued cover-ups, lies, and repression that have already failed to stop the virus and may well be fanning the flames of its spread."
One primary reason the Chinese government failed to contain the outbreak is because corruption and incompetence are inherent features of tyrannical rule. The CCP can't point to democratic elections to obtain the consent of the governed, so they instead rely on techniques like a massive patronage machine to cultivate loyalty. Political reliability is a major prerequisite for filling any of the millions of positions in the vast Chinese bureaucracy, which tends to inculcate a culture of blind order-following, telling one's superiors what they want to hear, and leveraging one's position for personal advantage.
At the same time, the CCP, like any tyranny, uses violent political repression to frighten the populace against challenging its rule. Both freedom of speech and freedom of the press are sharply restricted there — and anyone perceived as a threat to CCP rule gets a treatment straight out of 1984. There are reportedly about a million Uighur Muslims in horrific re-education camps in western China — essentially, the CCP is attempting to commit cultural genocide in a fit of paranoia.
The first person to call attention to the COVID-19 outbreak was a doctor named Li Wenliang, who told colleagues via social media that it looked like a SARS outbreak. This is the kind of honest competence that is absolutely vital in any rapid disease response, but tyrannies often try to suppress bad news rather than deal with the problem. So as Garrett writes, "for the so-called crime of rumormongering, Li and seven other physicians were brought before China's security police and compelled to sign a document admitting to 'spreading lies.'"
For the critical first few weeks, when aggressive quarantine measures might have stopped the virus in its tracks, the Chinese state first insisted there was no new virus, then that they had this situation well in hand — all while it continued to spread. When the epidemic became undeniable, the CCP looked like the liars they were, sowing panic as Chinese citizens wondered how bad it really was. When Li caught the virus and died on Feb. 6, heroically trying to raise the alarm to the end, flames of distrust and anger were fanned higher still — and foreign governments reasonably began to suspect they could not trust the numbers coming out of China.
Trust is a vital component of any efficient disease response effort. The population must believe that the government is not lying about what is happening, and that its response measures are based on science and reason — especially so people do not panic and try to flee, possibly spreading disease further by accident. The CCP has proved beyond any question it is not trustworthy, and is relying on yet more brutal repression, locking down entire cities and herding thousands into poorly-equipped quarantine facilities. So far these efforts have not successfully curtailed the virus' spread.
Americans should not take much comfort in our somewhat-less authoritarian system. The Trump regime's style of rule bears all the marks of typical tyrannical rule — the bureaucracy stacked with corrupt idiot stooges, the legal system corrupted to protect the president and his cronies from facing criminal charges, and inconvenient information denied by a howling propaganda apparatus.
As Michael Lewis writes in his book The Fifth Risk, the entire federal bureaucracy has been rotting under Trump rule, as he neither knows nor cares to take the most basic actions to keep it functioning. Most of the people running what remains of the American state are either committed ideologues (like the virulent racist Stephen Miller), interested parties, or career civil servants operating without official leadership. Only 35 percent of the key positions in the Department of Homeland Security that require Senate confirmation are currently filled. The department does not even have a nominee for secretary, deputy secretary, or general counsel. The Federal Emergency Management Agency has no nominee for deputy administrator or deputy administrator for resilience.
As Garrett writes in another article, "In 2018, the Trump administration fired the government's entire pandemic response chain of command, including the White House management infrastructure." As a result, Trump's COVID-19 response has been flailing and helpless. "In numerous phone calls and emails with key agencies across the U.S. government, the only consistent response I encountered was distressed confusion," she writes. Recently The Washington Post reported experts at the Centers for Disease Control said 14 infected Americans who caught the virus on a cruise ship should stay in Japan for the moment rather than fly on a plane with hundreds of others and risk spreading it further. But the Trump administration higher-ups overruled the CDC, and all the passengers came back to California and Texas — the infected individuals separated behind plastic screening, but still posing an unknown risk.
Reactionaries often argue that ruthless authoritarian rule is more efficient than the democratic sort. But the world is getting a brutal lesson in how false that is. It was false in fascist Italy and Germany — the Nazi state was a chaotic disaster of corruption and incompetence — and it's false today. There is no substitute for democratic legitimacy and the patient, dull work of building and maintaining a competent, honest bureaucracy. The tyrannical idiocy of Donald Trump and China's communist dictatorship may get millions of people killed.

China Is the Real Sick Man of Asia

The mighty Chinese juggernaut has been humbled this week, apparently by a species-hopping bat virus. While Chinese authorities struggle to control the epidemic and restart their economy, a world that has grown accustomed to contemplating China’s inexorable rise was reminded that nothing, not even Beijing’s power, can be taken for granted.
We do not know how dangerous the new coronavirus will be. There are signs that Chinese authorities are still trying to conceal the true scale of the problem, but at this point the virus appears to be more contagious but considerably less deadly than the pathogens behind diseases such as Ebola or SARS—though some experts say SARS and coronavirus are about equally contagious.
China’s initial response to the crisis was less than impressive. The Wuhan government was secretive and self-serving; national authorities responded vigorously but, it currently appears, ineffectively. China’s cities and factories are shutting down; the virus continues to spread. We can hope that authorities succeed in containing the epidemic and treating its victims, but the performance to date has shaken confidence in the Chinese Communist Party at home and abroad. Complaints in Beijing about the U.S. refusing entry to noncitizens who recently spent time in China cannot hide the reality that the decisions that allowed the epidemic to spread as far and as fast as it did were all made in Wuhan and Beijing.
The likeliest economic consequence of the coronavirus epidemic, forecasters expect, will be a short and sharp fall in Chinese economic growth rates during the first quarter, recovering as the disease fades. The most important longer-term outcome would appear to be a strengthening of a trend for global companies to “de-Sinicize” their supply chains. Add the continuing public health worries to the threat of new trade wars, and supply-chain diversification begins to look prudent.
Events like the coronavirus epidemic, and its predecessors—such as SARS, Ebola and MERS—test our systems and force us to think about the unthinkable. If there were a disease as deadly as Ebola and as fast-spreading as coronavirus, how should the U.S. respond? What national and international systems need to be in place to minimize the chance of catastrophe on this scale?
Epidemics also lead us to think about geopolitical and economic hypotheticals. We have seen financial markets shudder and commodity prices fall in the face of what hopefully will be a short-lived disturbance in China’s economic growth. What would happen if—perhaps in response to an epidemic, but more likely following a massive financial collapse—China’s economy were to suffer a long period of even slower growth? What would be the impact of such developments on China’s political stability, on its attitude toward the rest of the world, and to the global balance of power?
China’s financial markets are probably more dangerous in the long run than China’s wildlife markets. Given the accumulated costs of decades of state-driven lending, massive malfeasance by local officials in cahoots with local banks, a towering property bubble, and vast industrial overcapacity, China is as ripe as a country can be for a massive economic correction. Even a small initial shock could lead to a massive bonfire of the vanities as all the false values, inflated expectations and misallocated assets implode. If that comes, it is far from clear that China’s regulators and decision makers have the technical skills or the political authority to minimize the damage—especially since that would involve enormous losses to the wealth of the politically connected.
We cannot know when or even if a catastrophe of this scale will take place, but students of geopolitics and international affairs—not to mention business leaders and investors—need to bear in mind that China’s power, impressive as it is, remains brittle. A deadlier virus or a financial-market contagion could transform China’s economic and political outlook at any time.
Many now fear the coronavirus will become a global pandemic. The consequences of a Chinese economic meltdown would travel with the same sweeping inexorability. Commodity prices around the world would slump, supply chains would break down, and few financial institutions anywhere could escape the knock-on consequences. Recovery in China and elsewhere could be slow, and the social and political effects could be dramatic.
If Beijing’s geopolitical footprint shrank as a result, the global consequences might also be surprising. Some would expect a return of unipolarity if the only possible great-power rival to the U.S. were to withdraw from the game. Yet in the world of American politics, isolation rather than engagement might surge to the fore. If the China challenge fades, many Americans are likely to assume that the U.S. can safely reduce its global commitments.
So far, the 21st century has been an age of black swans. From 9/11 to President Trump’s election and Brexit, low-probability, high-impact events have reshaped the world order. That age isn’t over, and of the black swans still to arrive, the coronavirus epidemic is unlikely to be the last to materialize in China.

特朗普将如何输掉与中国的贸易战

 编者:本文是 保罗·克鲁格曼于2024年11月15日发表于《纽约时报》的一篇评论文章。特朗普的重新当选有全球化退潮的背景,也有美国民主党没能及时推出有力候选人的因素。相较于民主党的执政,特朗普更加具有个人化的特点,也给时局曾经了更多的不确定性。 好消息:我认为特朗普不会引发全球...